Education
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2008 – 2014 |
PhD in Environmental Studies, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
(PhD Thesis: The Politics of Biofuel Governance and Sustainability: Agency, Institutions and Social Equity Dimensions of “Green Economies” in the making, under the supervision of Prof. Joyeeta Gupta). |
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2006 – 2008 |
Master’s in Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada.
(Dissertation: Sustainable Food Security for Local Communities in the Globalized Era: A Comparative Examination of Brazilian and Canadian Case Studies, under the supervision of Dr. Mary Louise McAllister. Maximum approval – no revisions) |
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2005 |
Post-graduate diploma in Philosophical Themes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. (Score: 90%) |
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2001– 2004 |
Concurrent Bachelor and Teaching degrees in Life Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil. (Score: 87%; maximum score on bachelor’s thesis and final presentation). |
Professional employment history
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June 2023 – |
Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute (Stockholm, Sweden) and Research Coordinator of the Trase Initiative (Transparency for Sustainable Economies). Sustainability policy-making for forest-risk commodities, as well as leverage points and institutional innovations for a land-use transition in the Amazon. (More details to come under Projects, below.) |
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Mar 2021 – May 2023 |
Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute (Stockholm, Sweden) and Research Coordinator of the Trase Initiative (Transparency for Sustainable Economies). Sustainability policy-making for forest-risk commodities, as well as leverage points and institutional innovations for a land-use transition in the Amazon. (More details to come under Projects, below.) |
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Mar 2020 – Feb 2021 |
Researcher at Chalmers University of Technology (Gothenburg, Sweden), Department of Space, Earth and Environment. Work on an internally funded project on governance innovations for bioeconomy and bioenergy systems, as well as on the interface between bioeconomy and biodiversity. |
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Mar 2018 – Feb 2020 |
Postdoctoral researcher at Chalmers University of Technology (Gothenburg, Sweden), Department of Space, Earth and Environment. Challenges of sustainability policy-making for global commodities, particularly soy and beef from South America. An exploration of issues such as leakage, zero-deforestation commitments, and other governance challenges. Done in collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute. (More details to come under Projects, below.) |
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Feb 2014 – Oct 2015 |
Postdoctoral researcher at Wageningen University, Environmental Policy Group (ENP) & Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group (FNP). A Landscape Approach to REDD+: Analysis of governance, policy coherence, and instrument “mixes” across the forest-agriculture nexus. Focus on Latin America, doing cases studies in Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico. Done in collaboration with the WWF Forest and Climate Programme. (More details under Projects, below.) |
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Jan – Dec 2014 |
Consultant for the Earth System Governance Project. Comparative assessment of policies and practices for climate-smart agriculture across 15 Sub-Saharan African countries. In collaboration with the South Africa-based Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) and consultants/institutions from countries in Southern and Eastern Africa. |
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Mar 2013 – Feb 2014 |
Researcher at the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, on the COMBIOSERVE project (EU 7th framework). Stakeholder analysis and multilevel institutional strategies on indigenous land policy and biodiversity conservation in Brazil. Fieldwork with the Pataxó indigenous people in the State of Bahia, Brazil. |
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Jul 2009 – Jun 2012 |
Research assistant for Prof. Joyeeta Gupta. Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands. |
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Apr – Sep 2011 |
Consultant for the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, on the REDD-ALERT project (EU 7th framework). Analysis of deforestation drivers and policy instruments in the context of REDD+ implementation in Indonesia. |
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Jan – Apr 2008 |
Teaching Assistant for Dr. Mary Louise McAllister on the 3rd year undergraduate course Approaches to environmental decision-making. Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Canada. |
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Aug – Dec 2004 |
Intern teacher on sciences and biology for elementary and high schools, under the supervision of Prof. Andreia Marin. Department of Teaching Practice. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. |
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Apr – Dec 2004 |
Intern researcher in ecology and biodiversity, under the supervision of Dr Marcio Pie. Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. |
Projects
♦ Policy and governance dimensions of global agricultural supply chains (Mar 2018 – )
This project, executed within the context of TRASE (a platform to ensure transparency and sustainability in global agricultural supply chains, visit trase.earth), is an interdisciplinary effort to study policy and governance efforts to make the value chains of some of the most relevant global agricultural commodities (e.g. soy, palm oil, beef) more sustainable.
Partners: Chalmers University of Technology, Stockholm Environment Institute, Global Canopy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Centre for Development Research (University of Bonn).
♦ Sustainable Value Chain Development for Peri-Urban Communities in Brazil (Feb 2016 – )
This project has aimed to promote bottom-up development of sustainable value chains as a multipurpose strategy for peri-urban communities in Brazil. Focused on the periphery of Feira de Santana (Bahia, Brazil), it attempts to integrate urban and rural studies. Using available resources from the local agrobiodiversity, these communities may face the combined challenges of climate change adaptation, urban sprawl and poverty via inclusive sustainable development strategies and a socially-minded approach to bioeconomy.
Partners: The Association of Small Farmers of Feira de Santana.
♦ REDD+ Results-Based Finance, funded by NORAD (Feb 2014 – Oct 2015)
This project analyzed UNFCCC negotiations on REDD+ and the AFOLU sector (Agriculture, Forests and Other Land Use) in the context of the new climate agreement. I, in particular, examined policy coherence and “policy instrument mixes” adopted for REDD+ implementation under a landscape approach in Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico. The project focused specially on the promotion of “non-carbon benefits” and sustainable local development in conjunction with forest conservation.
Partners: The REDD@WUR Network (across Wageningen), and the WWF Forest and Climate Programme.
♦ Climate-Smart Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, NORAD (Jan 2013 – Dec 2014)
This consisted of the comparative analysis of policy frameworks and practices for climate-smart agriculture across 15 Eastern and Southern African countries. I coordinated and oversaw the work of local consultants for each of our cases (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe). We examined: policy coherence; issues of access, equity and stakeholder participation (including gender dimensions); and rooms for South-South, North-South and triangular collaboration on sustainable agriculture.
Partners: The Earth System Governance Project; the UNDP Rio+ Centre; and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN, Pretoria-based network across 20 African countries).
♦ Community-Based Management Strategies for Biocultural Diversity Conservation – COMBIOSERVE, EU 7th Framework (Mar 2013 – Feb 2014)
This project studied strategies for “biocultural” conservation on indigenous peoples’ lands in Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico. My work was to do fieldwork and analyze the case of the Pataxó indigenous people and their lands in northeast Brazil. I also assessed its multi-level governance setting within Brazil and the agency strategies of indigenous peoples and other actors as policy entrepreneurs in that context.
Partners: The State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS); and the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. (These were the partners I worked directly with; others were involved in different working packages of the project.)
♦ The Politics of Biofuel Governance and Emerging Green Economies (Sep 2008 – Apr 2014)
This was my own PhD research project, where I assessed the social, political and various institutional dimensions of “green economy” promotion, taking biofuels as an example and Brazil, India and Indonesia as case studies. I analysed the fledgling efforts at renewable energy and “green economy” governance at the international level as well as the institutional architectures for sustainable development, agency and policy entrepreneurship, and social equity dimensions in the context of selected case studies (Brazil, India, and Indonesia).
Partners: Own PhD project at Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam.
♦ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation through Alternative Land-uses in Rainforests of the Tropics – REDD-ALERT, EU 7th Framework (Apr 2011 – Sep 2011)
This project assessed deforestation drivers, forest protection policies and room for effective REDD+ actions in Cameroon, Indonesia, Peru and Vietnam. I was responsible for the Indonesia case study, and conducted fieldwork together with local partners. Our working package examined the policy and governance dimensions of forest protection in face of (domestic and global) drivers of deforestation. Lessons were then extracted for REDD+ implementation in the country.
Partners: The World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF); and the Indonesian Soil Research Institute.
♦ Sustainable Food Security in the Globalized Era (Sep 2006 – Apr 2008)
This was my Master’s research project, where I analyzed the concept of food security vis-a-vis that of sustainability and compared case studies in Canada and Brazil for the promotion of sustainable food systems.
Partners: Own Master’s research project, Dept. of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo (Canada).
The map below summarizes the geographical and topic coverage of my research experience.
Publications
♦ Book
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2021). The Politics of Bioeconomy and Sustainability: Lessons from Biofuel Governance, Policies and Production Strategies in the Emerging World. Springer, Dordrecht. [Online access].
♦ Articles in peer-reviewed journals & other peer-reviewed papers
Galvão, T.G., Bastos Lima, M.G., Ramiro, R. (2023). Bottom-up regionality and the Sustainable Development Goals: civil society organizations shaping 2030 Agenda implementation in Latin America. Rev. Bras. Pol. Int. 66(2), e021. [Online access]
Verkuijl, C., Strambo, C., Hocquet, R., Butterfield, R., Achakulwisut, P., Boyland, M.,Vega Araujo, J.A., Bakhtaoui, I., Smit, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., Green, J. (2023). A just transition in animal agriculture is necessary for more effective and equitable One Health outcomes. CABI One Health 2(1), ohcs202300021. [Online access]
Mueller, C., West, C., Bastos Lima, M.G., Doherty, B. (2023). Demand-Side Actors in Agricultural Supply Chain Sustainability: An Assessment of Motivations for Action, Implementation Challenges, and Research Frontiers. World 4, 569–588. [Online access]
Lindberg, K., Martvall, A., Bastos Lima, M.G., and França, C.S.S. (2023). Herbal Medicine Promotion for a Restorative Bioeconomy in Tropical Forests: A Reality Check on the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Policy and Economics 155, 103058. [Online access]
Russo Lopes, G. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2023). Compreendendo as amarras que mantêm o desmatamento: Insights de assentamentos da reforma agrária na Amazônia. WWF Brasil. [Online access]
Russo Lopes, G. and Bastos Lima M.G. (2023) Eudaimonia in the Amazon: Relational Values as a Deep Leverage Point to Curb Tropical Deforestation. Conservation 3(1), 214-231. [Online access]
Carmenta, R., Barlow, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., Berenguer, E., Choiruzzad, S., Estrada-Carmona, N., … & Hicks, C. (2023). Connected Conservation: Rethinking conservation for a telecoupled world. Biological Conservation, 282, 110047. [Online access]
Aragão R.B.d.A., Bastos Lima M.G., Burns G.L. and Ross H (2022) To clear or not to clear: Unpacking soy farmers’ decision-making on deforestation in Brazil’s Cerrado. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6, 942207. [Online access]
Russo Lopes, G. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022) Understanding deforestation lock-in: Insights from Land Reform settlements in the Brazilian Amazon. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5, 951290. [Online access]
Verkuijl, C., Strambo, C., Hocquet, R., Butterfield, R., Achakulwisut, P., Bastos Lima, M.G…. & Green, J. (2022). A just transition in the meat sector: why, who, and how? SEI report. Stockholm Environment Institute. [Online access]
Pendrill, F., Gardner, T., Meyfroidt, P., Persson, U.M., Adams, J., Azevedo, T., Bastos Lima, M.G., et al. (2022). Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation. Science 377(6611), eabm9267. [Online access or direct download]
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Da Costa, K. (2022). Quo vadis, Brazil? Environmental Malgovernance under Bolsonaro and the Ambiguous Role of the Sustainable Development Goals. Bulletin of Latin American Research 41(4), 508–524 [Online access]
Siegel, K. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022). Introduction: Quo Vadis, Latin America? Human Rights, Environmental Governance and the Sustainable Development Goals. Bulletin of Latin American Research 41(3), 341-343 [Online access]
Sebo, J., Verkuijl, C., José Hötzel, M., Achakulwisut, P., Bastos Lima, M., & Green, J. (2022). Sustainable development matters for animals too: Governments have a responsibility to recognize that. CABI One Health 1(1). [Online access]
Verkuijl, C., Sebo, J., Hötzel, M. J., Visseren-Hamakers, I., Achakulwisut, P., Bastos Lima, M. and Green, J. (2022). Mainstreaming animal welfare in sustainable development: a policy agenda. Stockholm+50 background paper series. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. [Online access]
zu Ermgassen, E.K.H.J.; Bastos Lima, M.G.; Bellfield, H.; Dontenville, A.; Gardner, T.; Godar, J.; Heilmayr, R. et al. (2022). Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains. Science Advances 8 (17), eabn3132. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Palme, U. (2022). The Bioeconomy–Biodiversity Nexus: Enhancing or Undermining Nature’s Contributions to People? Conservation 2 (1), 7-25. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022). Just transition towards a bioeconomy: Four dimensions in Brazil, India and Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics 136, 102684. [Online access or direct download]
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Kmoch, L. (2021). Neglect paves the way for dispossession: The politics of ‘last frontiers’ in Brazil and Myanmar. World Development 148, 105681. [Open access].
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2021). Corporate Power in the Bioeconomy Transition: The Policies and Politics of Conservative Ecological Modernization in Brazil. Sustainability 13(12), 6952. [Open access].
Bastos Lima, M.G., Harring, N., Jagers, S.C., Löfgren, Å, Persson, U.M., Sjöstedt, M., Brülde, B., Langlet, D., Steffen, W., Alpízar, F. (2021). Large-scale collective action to avoid an Amazon tipping point – key actors and interventions. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 100048. [Open access].
Russo Lopes, G., Bastos Lima, M.G., Reis, T.N.P. dos (2021). Maldevelopment revisited: Inclusiveness and social impacts of soy expansion over Brazil’s Cerrado in Matopiba. World Development, 139, 105316. [Open access].
(Versão brasileira) Russo Lopes, G., Bastos Lima, M.G., Reis, T.N.P. dos (2021). Revisitando o conceito de mau desenvolvimento: Inclusão e impactos sociais da expansão da soja no Cerrado do Matopiba. World Development, 139, 105316. [Download do PDF em português].
Russo Lopes, G. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). Necropolitics in the jungle: COVID-19 and the marginalisation of Brazil’s forest peoples. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 39 (S1), 92-97. [Online access].
(Versão brasileira) Russo Lopes, G. e Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). “Necropolítica na selva: COVID-19 e a marginalização dos povos da floresta no Brasil.” Bulletin of Latin American Research, 39 (S1), 92-97. [Download do PDF em português].
Siegel, K.M. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). When international sustainability frameworks encounter domestic politics: The sustainable development goals and agri-food governance in South America. World Development, 135, 105053. [Online access or direct download]
Ivanova, A., Zia, A., Ahmad, P., and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). Climate mitigation policies and actions: access and allocation issues. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 20, 287–301. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Persson, U.M. (2020). Commodity-centric landscape governance as a double-edged sword: The case of soy and the Cerrado Working Group in Brazil. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 3, 27. [Online access].
zu Ermgassen, E.K.H.J, Ayre, B., Godar, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., et al. (2020). “Using supply chain data to monitor zero deforestation commitments: an assessment of progress in the Brazilian soy sector“. Environmental Research Letters 15, 035003. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G., Persson, U.M., Meyfroidt, P. (2019). “Leakage and Boosting Effects in Environmental Governance: A Framework for Analysis“. Environmental Research Letters 14, 105006. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2018). “Toward Multipurpose Agriculture: Food, Fuels, Flex Crops, and Prospects for a Bioeconomy“. Global Environmental Politics 18(2), 143-150. [Online access or direct download].
Bastos Lima, M.G., Kissinger, G., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Braña Varela, J., Gupta, A. (2017). “The Sustainable Development Goals and REDD+: Assessing Institutional Interactions and the Pursuit of Synergies“. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(4), 589-606. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Braña Varela, J., and Gupta, A. (2017). “A Reality Check on the Landscape Approach to REDD+: Lessons from Latin America” Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 10-20 [Online access or direct download].
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Gupta, J. (2014). “The Extraterritorial Dimensions of Biofuel Policies and the Politics of Scale: Live and Let Die?” Third World Quarterly, 35(3), 392-410 [Online access or direct download]
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Gupta, J. (2013). “The Policy Context of Biofuels: A Case of Non-Governance at the Global Level?” Global Environmental Politics, 13(2), 46-64. [Online access or direct download]
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). “An Institutional Analysis of Biofuel Policies and their Social Implications: Lessons from Brazil, India and Indonesia.” United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Occasional Paper n.9, series “Social Dimensions of Green Economy and Sustainable Development”. [Online access]
Kuik, O., Bastos Lima, M.G and Gupta, J. (2011). “Energy Security in a Developing World“. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, 2(4), 627-634. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2009). “Biofuel Governance and International Legal Principles: Is it Equitable and Sustainable?” Melbourne Journal of International Law, 10(2), 470-492. [Online access]. (This article was selected for a follow-up debate on the Opinio Juris discussion board with Prof. C. Ford Runge, here)
McAllister Kattides, M.L. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2008). “Changing Food Systems and Implications for Sustainable Communities: Cyprus, Canada and Brazil.” Environments, 36 (1), 45-58. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G (2008). “Street food: Brazilian street vending nourishes the local economy and supports farmers.” Alternatives, 34(3), 30-32.
♦ Policy briefs and published reports
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Siegel, K.M. (2020). Promoting inclusive bioeconomies? Lessons from agri-food governance and the politics of the Sustainable Development Goals in South America. ZEF Policy Brief n.37. [Online access]
Persson, U.M., Bager, S., Bellfield, H., Burley, H., Green, J., Bastos Lima, M.G., França, C.S.S., Gardner, T., Kastner, T., Lathuillière, M.J., Meyfroidt, P., Pendrill, F., and West, C. (2020). A broad EU deforestation approach can help protect climate and biodiversity. Trase Briefing. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G., Braña-Varela, J., Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Gupta, A., and Ashley-Cantello, W. (2015). REDD+ and the Sustainable Development Goals: Maximizing Synergies, Avoiding Conflicts. WWF-WUR brief no. 3. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2015). Policies and Practices for Climate-Smart Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Assessment of Challenges and Opportunities across 15 countries. Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN). [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G., Braña-Varela, J., Kleymann, H., Carter, S. (2014). The Contribution of Forests and Land Use to Closing the Gigatonne Emissions Gap by 2020. WWF-WUR brief no.2. [Online access]
Gupta, J., Baud, I., Bekkers, R., Bernstein, S., Boas, I., Cornelissen, V., Iguchi, M., Kanie, N., Kim, R.E., Bastos Lima, M., Obani, P., Schoof, P., Stevens, C., and van Zoomeren, D. (2014). Sustainable Development Goals and Inclusive Development. Post2015 / UNU-IAS Policy Brief, Nr. 5. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G., Braña-Varela, J., Gupta, A., Visseren-Hamakers, I., Huynh, T.B., Kleymann, H., Van Dexter, K., and Belecky, M. (2014). Promoting Non-carbon Benefits in REDD+ Actions. WWF-WUR brief no.1. [Online access]
Huitema, D., Bastos Lima, M.G., Bouma, J., Ludwig, K., Schols, P. (2014). Policy networks and community linkages for managing environmental and social change. European Policy Brief, Combioserve Project.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2013). Adjusting Biofuel Policies to meet Social and Rural Development Needs: Analysing the experiences of Brazil, India and Indonesia. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Policy research brief N.40, Brasilia, Brazil. [Online access]
♦ Book chapters
Siegel, K. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022). Trade-offs and SDG politics in South American agrifood governance: the risks from cherry-picking. In A. Breuer et al. (Eds), Governing the Interlinkages between the SDGs: Approaches, Opportunities and Challenges. Routledge [Online access].
Sénit, C., Okereke, C., Alcázar, L., Banik, D., Bastos Lima, M., Biermann, F., . . . Siegel, K. (2022). Inclusiveness. In F. Biermann, T. Hickmann, & C. Sénit (Eds.), The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals: Transforming Governance Through Global Goals? (pp. 116-139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Open access]
Bastos Lima, M.G., Gupta, J., Grijp, N.vd, and Agus, F. (2013) “Case study: Indonesia”, in Climate Change, Forests and REDD (ed. J. Gupta, N. van der Grijp and O. Kuik). Routledge, London. [Online access].
Gupta, J., Grijp, N. vd, Bigot, L., Bastos Lima, M.G., Kuiper, J.Y.B., and von Blücher, F. (2013). “Comparative Analysis of Vietnam, Indonesia, Cameroon and Peru”, in Climate Change, Forests and REDD (ed. J. Gupta, N. van der Grijp and O. Kuik). Routledge, London.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). “The Brazilian Biofuel Industry: Achievements and geopolitical challenges”, in Secure Oil and Alternative Energy: The Geopolitics of Energy Paths of China and the European Union (ed. M.P. Amineh and Yang Guang). Brill Publishing, Leiden. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2010). “Idéia e Prática da Governança para uma Gestão de Águas Participativa, Justa e Sustentável”, in Série Textos, Água e Ambiente n. 3 (orgs Rocha, J.C.S and Santana Filho, D.M.). Instituto de Gestão das Águas e Clima (INGÁ), Salvador.
♦ Book reviews
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2014). Review of “Biofuels and Rural Poverty”, by Joy Clancy. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(2), 342-343. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). Review of “Environmental, Economic and Policy aspects of Biofuels”, by Deepak Rajagopal and David Zilberman. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 12(1), 105-107. [Online access].
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2010). Review of “Global Energy Governance in a Multipolar World”, by Dries Lesage, Thijs van de Graaf, and Kirsten Westphal. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law (RECIEL), 19(3), 368-370.
♦ Full conference articles
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2011). An Institutional Analysis of Biofuel Policies and their Social Implications in Developing Countries: Lessons from Brazil, India and Indonesia. Green Economy and Sustainable Development: Bringing back the social dimension, UN Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva.
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Gupta, J. (2009) Biofuel and Global Change: The need for a multilateral governance framework. 2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Amsterdam.
Bastos Lima, M.G. and McAllister, M.L. (2008). Food security in Brazilian and Canadian Communities: A Comparative Analysis of Feira de Santana and Waterloo Region. Annals of the IX International Congress of the Brazilian Association of Canadian Studies (ABECAN). Salvador, EDUFBA.
♦ Mentions and appearances in popular media
Peixoto, R. (2022). “Amazônia no precipício? Entenda como a floresta entra na lista dos locais da Terra perto dos ‘pontos de não retorno'” Globo news portal G1 Meio Ambiente, 12 November 2022 [Online access].
Veiga, E. (2022). “Por que o Brasil não vai conseguir eliminar os lixões ate 2024.” Deutsche Welle (DW) Brasil, 14 October 2022. [Online access].
Abreu, A. (2022). “How illegal land grabs in Brazil’s Amazon feed the global beef industry“. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, 08 July 2022. [Online access]
Abreu, A. (2022). “A lavagem da boiada”. Piauí, 190, July 2022. [Online access]
Veiga, E. (2022). “Há 30 anos, Eco-92 colocou mudança climática na pauta global”. Deutsche Welle (DW) Brasil, 03 June 2022. [Online access]
Garcia, R. (2022). “‘Ponto Cego’ compromete rastreamento de 40% das commodities de áreas de florestas.” O Globo, 29 April 2022. [Online access]
Sax, S. (2022). “Pay or punish? Study looks at how to engage with farmers deforesting the Cerrado”. Mongabay, 25 February 2022 [Online access]
Lenharo, M. (2021). “Indústria da carne controla debate ambiental e lança metas vagas.” Bocado and UOL, 06 December 2021. [Online access]
Veiga, E. (2021). “Com mudança climática, Brasil precisa repensar agronegócio, dizem especialistas” CNN Brasil, 09 August 2021. [Online access]
“Em melhor cenário, temperatura global pode subir 1,5°C em duas décadas, diz IPCC”. CNN Brasil, 09 August 2021. [Online access]
“Brasil perdeu uma França de florestas para pastos desde 1985.” Deutsche Welle (DW) Brasil, 04 August 2021. [Online access]
“Desmatamento já causa perdas bilionárias ao agronegócio, apontam estudos.” Deutsche Welle (DW) Brasil, 16 July 2021. [Online access]
“Soja levou subdesenvolvimento ao Cerrado, diz estudo“. Deutsche Welle (DW) Brasil, 10 December 2020. (Interview to the journalist, and scientific publication giving rise to the news article.) [Online access]
(2019). Guest debater at the Nordic premiere of the film “Soyalism”, a documentary by directors Enrico Parenti and Stefano Liberti. Gothenburg Film Festival, 28 January 2019. [Online access]
Prager, A. (2018). “$29 million deforestation fines: game changer for Brazilian soy trade?”. Mongabay, 01 June 2018. (Phone interview to the journalist, and TRASE project discussed in the news article). [Online access]
McClanahan, P. (2013). “Biofuels a boon for Brazil’s rural poor, but obstacles remain elsewhere”. The Guardian, 21 May 2013. (Phone interview to the journalist, and publications discussed in the news article). [Online access]
UN Research Institute for Social Development [UNRISD] (2012). (Video) “Food for the Future: Agriculture in a Sustainable World”. [Online access]
♦ Theses
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2014). The Politics of Biofuel Governance and Sustainability: Agency, Institutions and Social Equity Dimensions of “Green Economies” in the Making. Thesis for obtaining the degree of PhD in Environmental Studies. Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2008). Sustainable Food Security for Local Communities in the Globalized Era: A Comparative Analysis of Brazilian and Canadian Case Studies. Thesis for obtaining the degree of Master of Environmental Studies. Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo. [Online access]
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2004). Ecologia do forrageamento da formiga Acromyrmex crassispinus (hymenoptera, formicidae). Bachelor thesis. Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Presentations
♦ Oral Presentations
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2023). A global food system exposed to multiple crises: A snapshot on the Amazon. Seminar: The challenge of making science-based policy recommendation for a global food system. The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry. 26 January 2023. Stockholm, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022). Brazil’s deforestation lock-in: Or why end-of-pipe solutions did not hold and a transition is needed. Forests, Climate and Livelihoods (FOCALI) annual meeting. 01 Dec 2022. Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022). A restorative bioeconomy: Enhancing Nature’s Contributions to Historically Disadvantaged People in the Brazilian Amazon. Forests & Livelihoods: Assessment, Research, and Engagement (FLARE) Conference. 07 Oct 2022. Rome, Italy.
Gardner, T., Bellfield, H., Bastos Lima, M.G., et al. (2022). Aligning expectations on data to deliver on regulatory and voluntary requirements: monitoring forest-risk supply chains. Trase parallel session in the Oslo Tropical Forests Forum. 22 Jun 2022. Oslo, Norway.
Gardner, T., Bellfield, H., Bastos Lima, M.G., et al. (2022). A step-change in demand-side measures. Trase parallel session in the Oslo Tropical Forests Forum. 21 Jun 2022. Oslo, Norway.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2022). A restorative bioeconomy: Enhancing Nature’s Contributions to Historically Disadvantaged People in the Brazilian Amazon. Politically sustainable, but socially unjust? Contradictions of the Politics of a Sustainable Bioeconomy. Seminar of the Bio-Inequalities Research Group. 18 Feb 2022. Virtual event from Jena, Germany.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2021). The Politics of Zero-Deforestation Commitments: Accountability and its discontents in the Governance of Soy from Brazil. International Public Policy Association (IPPA ) 5th International Conference on Public Policy. 07 July 2021. Virtual from Barcelona, Spain.
Bastos Lima, M.G., Siegel, K., Maghraby, W. and Johnson, F.X. (2021). The Politics of Biofuels and the Bioeconomy: Who wins and who loses? Dialogue of the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) launching the book The Politics of Bioeconomy and Sustainability. [Recording available online.] 17 June 2021. Virtual event from Stockholm, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2021). Maldevelopment revisited: Inclusiveness and social impacts of soy expansion over Brazil’s Cerrado in Matopiba. Webinar for the Transparency for Sustainable Economies (Trase) initiative. 21 Apr 2021. Virtual event from Stockholm, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2021). Power shifts among the giants: The politics of the bioeconomy transition in Brazil. International Studies Association (ISA) Annual Convention. 06 April 2021. Virtual from Las Vegas, USA.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2021). Lessons from Brazil on the transition to a bioeconomy: Changing technologies while aggravating other sustainability issues? Webinar for the Technology Governance and Energy Transitions (TEG) initiative. 09 February 2021. Virtual event from Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). Power shifts among the giants: The politics of the bioeconomy transition in Brazil. International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC). 03 September 2020. Virtual from Sheffield, UK.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). Power shifts among the giants: The politics of bioeconomy transitions and multi-regime interactions. International Sustainability Transitions (IST) conference. 21 August 2020. Virtual from Vienna, Austria.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2020). Necropolitics in the woods: Indigenous peoples, social inequality, and COVID-19 in the Amazon. Nature, people and rights in the times of COVID: What new dimensions does the pandemic bring to the socio-ecological development challenges? Digital roundtable dialogue facilitated by Focali in collaboration with SIANI and SLU Global. 27 May 2020. Sweden
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2019). Globalization and its Brazilian discontents: Pushbacks on climate and the environment in Brazil. Gothenburg Centre for Globalization and Development, Anti-Globalization and Populism series. 10 Oct 2019. Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2019). Recent and upcoming changes in Brazil’s land tenure policy for local communities and indigenous peoples. Forest tenure reform in the Amazon – a path to livelihoods and tenure security for local people? Forests, Climate and Livelihoods (FOCALI) Network seminar. 27 Sep 2019. Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2019). The secrets of soy and farmland investments in Brazil’s last Cerrado frontier. Global Land Programme 4th Open Science Meeting. 24 Apr 2019. Bern, Switzerland.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2019). Soy, savannahs and Sustainable Development Goals: Interpretations, discourses and practices. Annual Conference of the Society for Latin American Studies (SLAS). 04 Apr 2019. Leicester, United Kingdom.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2019). The Cerrado Working Group as commodity-based landscape governance: Assessing its achievements and limitations. Promoting Effective Sustainability Governance in Soy: Interdisciplinary Workshop. University of York, N8AgriFood, and IKnowFood consortia. 28 Mar 2019. York, United Kingdom.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2019). Insights from Current Developments in the Amazon: The role of land rights, transparency of value chains, certifications and zero-deforestation initiatives. Dialogue on the International Day of Forests: Stepping up Swedish Action on Tropical Deforestation. Forests, Climate and Livelihoods (FOCALI) Network and Swedish Agricultural International Network Initiative (SIANI). 21 Mar 2019. Stockholm, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2018). How to engage with Brazil and its environmental issues under the new political setting. (Video participation). 1st Dialogue meeting on the Brazilian Amazon – potential implications of the new political landscape in Brazil. Forests, Climate and Livelihoods (FOCALI) Network. 05 Dec 2018. Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2018). Understanding Leakage in Environmental Policy: Concept, Pathways, and Critical Points. Meeting of the Forests, Climate and Livelihoods (FOCALI) Network, Stockholm Environment Institute. 05 Jun 2018. Stockholm, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2018). Jurisdictional Approaches to the Sustainability of Global Agricultural Supply Chains. 13th annual meeting (RT13) of the Roundtable of Responsible Soy (RTRS). 31 May 2018. Lille, France.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2018). Challenges of Landscape Sustainability: Getting Policy Mixes of Jurisdictional Approaches and Demand-side Measures Right. Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn. 24 May 2018. Bonn, Germany.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2015). REDD+ in a Landscape Approach: Addressing Drivers, Promoting Non-Carbon Benefits. REDD@WUR Event “Moving into the Landscape”. 9 Sep 2015. Wageningen, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2015). Discussion Round on REDD+ and Landscapes: Policy and Governance Issues for meeting pre-2020 ambition in the land sector. Side-event to the UNFCCC meeting in Bonn 2015, co-organized with WWF’s Forest and Climate Programme. 10 Jun 2015. Bonn, Germany.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2015). Experiences in Jurisdictional REDD+ and the Landscape Approach in Latin America: A preliminary assessment of lessons from Brazil, Mexico and Ecuador. Environmental Policy Group (ENP) Research Colloquium. 20 May 2015. Wageningen, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2015). Accountability in the Anthropocene: Lessons from the Politics of REDD+. Amsterdam Earth System Governance lab. 26 Mar 2015. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Batisani, N. (2014). Mainstreaming Climate Smart Agriculture into Policy frameworks: Policy scoping studies synthesis. 2014 FANRPAN High Level Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue for Africa: Policies for Climate Smart Agriculture family farming in Africa. 29 Sep to 2 Oct 2014. Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2014). REDD+ as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development. WWF Forest and Climate Programme, Online Learning Session N. 26, 15 Sep 2014. [Recorded and Available Online]
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Ngwenya, H. (2014). Promotion of Climate-smart Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Norwich Earth System Governance Conference, 1-3 July 2014. Norwich, United Kingdom.
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Perch, L. (2014). Achieving Climate-Smart Agriculture: Policy and Gender Dimensions. Regional Conference on Climate Change and Climate Smart Agriculture: Positioning Policies, institutional frameworks & research in Africa, 21-24 Apr 2014. Pretoria, South Africa.
Bastos Lima, M.G. and Gupta, A. (2014). REDD+ after Warsaw: Current framework and emerging issues. 9th REDD+ Platform Meeting – The Warsaw Policy Framework for REDD+: Is It Ready To Work? 27 Feb 2014. Zeist, the Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2013). Política indígena e conservação no Brasil. 3rd Field Workshop of the COMBIOSERVE Project in Brazil, 17-20 Oct 2013. Coroa Vermelha, Brazil.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2013). An Analysis of Allocation and Access in the Food vs. Fuel Nexus: Comparing Architectures of Biofuel Programmes in Brazil, India and Indonesia. Earth System Governance Tokyo Conference 2013, United Nations University. Tokyo, Japan.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2013). Emerging Economies and Environmental Governance Post Multilateralism: The Case of the EU RED and Biofuel Production in Brazil, India and Indonesia. Earth System Governance Tokyo Conference 2013, United Nations University. Tokyo, Japan.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). The Social Dimensions of a Biofuels “Green Economy”: Lessons from Brazil, India and Indonesia. SENSE Science Market: Towards a Bio-based Economy – science meets stakeholders. The Hague, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). The Governance of Biofuels: Lessons for the Collective Role of Government and Civil Society Organizations. United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), side-event organized jointly by the UNDP and TERI-India. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). Bio-fuelling Sustainable Development? Perspectives from Emerging Economies and the EU in a Context of Geopolitical Changes. TU Delft. Delft, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). Global Governance versus National Sovereignty: The Case of the Extraterritorial Impacts of Biofuel Policies. 2012 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance, Lund University. Lund, Sweden.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). An Institutional Analysis of Biofuel Policies and their Social Implications in Developing Countries: Lessons from Brazil, India and Indonesia. Towards Greening the Economy Symposium, Institute of Economic Growth. New Delhi, India.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2011). An Institutional Analysis of Biofuel Policies and their Social Implications in Developing Countries: Lessons from Brazil, India and Indonesia. Green Economy and Sustainable Development: Bringing back the Social Dimension, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Geneva, Switzerland.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2011). Indonesian Forest Policy and Lessons for REDD+: How effective has been the fight against the drivers of forest loss? Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2011). The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy: The Case of Brazil and its Biofuel Industry. Invited presentation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2010). Um Panorama da Biodiversidade: a perda silenciosa e os nós górdios do debate. VIII Seminário Brasil-Canadá de Estudos Comparados: Biodiversidade. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Feira de Santana, Brazil.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2010). Energy for Sustainable Development: The case of Brazil and biofuel production. Invited presentation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2010). Biofuels in Brazil – Production and Policies: Failures, successes, and paths to sustainability. Invited presentation, Wageningen University. Wageningen, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2009). Biofuels and Brazil on the International Arena. Invited presentation, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Brasília, Brazil.
Gupta, J. and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2009). Energy Governance as a Multi-level Issue: Challenges for the 21st Century. Invited presentation, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2009). Biofuel Sustainability: Policies and Global Governance. Annual PhD Seminar of the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2008). An Ecosystem Approach to Health and Urban Food Security: A Comparative Analysis. Annual Conference of the Environmental Studies Association of Canada (ESAC), Vancouver, Canada.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2008). Healthy Community Approaches: Cases in Food Security. Guest lecturer at the Master’s course “Eco-Health Perspectives”, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2007). Food Security in Brazilian and Canadian Communities. IX International Congress of the Brazilian Association of Canadian Studies (ABECAN). Chair of the communications session “Latin America and Canada: Comparative Perspectives”. Salvador, Brazil.
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2007). Bioethics for Life and Sustainability in the Globalized Era. University Conference on Bioethics, Psychology and the Environment. Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Salvador, Brazil.
♦ Poster presentations
Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). The Reach (and the Limits) of EU Policies on Emerging Economies: The Case of the EU RED and Biofuel Production in Brazil, India and Indonesia. Planet Under Pressure 2012 Conference, London, UK.
Gupta, J., Grijp, N. vd, Haug, C., Kuik, O., and Bastos Lima, M.G. (2012). Forest Governance: Results from a Local to Global Analysis. Planet Under Pressure 2012 Conference, London, UK.
Teaching
♦ Regular courses
Approaches to Environmental Decision-Making (ERS 319), 3rd bachelor’s course at the University of Waterloo, Canada. 2008.
♦ Guest lectures
Sustainable land use and a landscape approach, at an MSc course on sustainable biomass. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. 2019-2023.
Supervision
♦ PhD students
Sonetti González, Taís. (2021— 2024). Transformation for regenerative sustainability: Pluriversal thinking. PhD candidate in Environmental Management (“Docteur en Sciences et Gestion de l’Environment”). Advisory committee member, alongside Dr. María Mancilla García (main supervisor) and Dr. Ana Paula Aguiar. Socio-Environmental Dynamics Research Group, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium).
Aragão, Rafaela B.A. (2020—2023). The role of information on deforestation: Brazilian soy farmers’ perspective. PhD candidate in Environmental Studies. Advisory committee member, alongside Dr. Leah Burns (main supervisor), Dr. Duan Biggs and Prof. Helen Ross. School of Environment and Science, Environmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI), Griffith University (Australia).
♦ MSc/MA students
Vasconcelos, A. (2022). Assessing the potential of EU-China cooperation to reduce deforestation associated with global agricultural commodity supply chains. Co-supervision alongside Dr. Constance McDermott and Dr. Toby Gardner. MSc programme in Biodiversity, Conservation and Management, University of Oxford (UK)
Lindberg, K. and Martvall, A. (2022). Promotion of Herbal Medicines as a Sustainable Development Strategy: A case study on the Brazilian Amazon. Co-supervision alongside Caroline S.S. França. MSc programme in Industrial Ecology, Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden).
Lundberg, A. (2020-2021). An assessment of pesticide applications and environmental toxicity in Brazil’s soy cultivation. Co-supervision alongside Prof. Christel Cederberg. MSc programme in Industrial Ecology, Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden).
Sticzay, N. (2015). MRV of Forest Carbon in Developed Countries. Second reader and assessor with Dr. Aarti Gupta. MSc programme in Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University (Netherlands).
Vandamme, L. (2015). REDD+ as a Catalyst for Climate-Compatible Development. Second reader and assessor with Dr. Aarti Gupta. MSc programme in Climate Studies, Wageningen University (Netherlands)..
Alexandru, R.A. (2014). The European Investment Bank under Scrutiny: The case of its Global Loans to renewable energy projects in Brazil. Co-supervised with Dr. Nicolien van der Grijp. MSc programme in Environment and Resource Management, VU University Amsterdam (Netherlands)..
Hopstaken, J. (2011). China’s quest for energy resources in Brazil: South-South relations towards a multipolar world. Co-supervised with Dr. Mehdi Amineh. MA programme in Political Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam (Netherlands)..
Jacque, A. (2010). The emerging trend of outsourcing agricultural production: The effects of international land deals on food security. Co-supervised with Thijs Etty. MSc programme in Environment and Resource Management, VU University Amsterdam (Netherlands)..
Thiffault, D. (2010). The rise of a paradigm in renewable fuel: The integrated system belief. Co-supervised with Dr. Matthijs Hisschemoller. MSc programme in Environment and Resource Management, VU University Amsterdam (Netherlands)..
Funding Acquisition
| 2020 | 2,946,656 Swedish Crowns (SEK) [about 300,000 EUR] in an early-career research grant from the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) for a three-year project (2021-2024) entitled A Sustainable Land-use Transition for the Amazon? Leverage Points and Institutional Innovations to Address Tropical Deforestation. |
| 2020 | 721,000 Swedish Crowns (SEK) [about 72,000 EUR] in funding for post-doc research at the Chalmers University of Technology, from the university’s Transitions in Energy Governance The Bioenergy-Bioeconomy-Biodiversity Nexus. |
| 2019 | 1,200,000 Swedish Crowns (SEK) [about 120,000 EUR] in one-year funding for post-doc research at the Chalmers University of Technology, from the university’s Transitions in Energy Governance programme for a sole project entitled Governance Innovations for Bioeconomy and Bioenergy Systems. |
| 2013 | USD 1.45 million from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) for research on climate-smart agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, in collaboration with the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Network (FANRPAN), based in South Africa, and the Rio+ Centre for Sustainable Development, based in Brazil. |
Awards and Scholarships
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2008 |
Teaching Assistantship. University of Waterloo, Canada. |
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2006 – 2008 |
International Master’s Student Award. University of Waterloo, Canada. |
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2006 – 2007 |
Graduate Student Entrance Scholarship. University of Waterloo, Canada. |
Languages
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Reading |
Writing | Listening |
Speaking |
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Portuguese |
Native | |||
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English |
Fluent |
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French |
Fluent |
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Spanish |
Fluent |
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Italian |
Good |
Basic | Good |
Intermediate |
| Dutch | Basic | Basic | Basic |
Basic |
Volunteer work and other extracurricular activities
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Jan 2011 – Dec 2012 |
Volunteer coordinator of the Ecumenical Youth Council in Europe (EYCE)’s “Campaign to Promote Ecological Justice”. |
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May – Aug 2007 |
Volunteer at the implementation of the Region of Waterloo’s Pilot Project on the provision of local and healthier foods to communities with impaired access to them. Kitchener, Canada. |
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Sep 2006 – May 2007 |
Volunteer assistant at the University of Waterloo Public Interest Research Group. University of Waterloo, Canada. |
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Sep – Oct 2006 |
Volunteer assistant at the coordination of the 1st Campus Farmers’ Market of the University of Waterloo, Canada. |